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Perhaps their most important characteristic, based on recent developments in genetic engineering technology, is that prokaryotic cells can be molecularly engineered to respond in a dose-dependent manner, to yield readily quantifiable optical (colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent) or electrochemical signals to predetermined targets such as chemicals, biomolecules, or biological effects [ 3].
Each microwell accommodates a single bacterium that was genetically engineered to respond to a specific analyte.
Flies with brains genetically engineered to respond to light learned to avoid certain smells as if they had experienced pain.
Designer ribozymes are engineered to respond to different effectors by in vitro selection, rational and computational design methods.
Optogenetics uses an optic fibre to send light into the brain, which specifically activates cells that are genetically engineered to respond to the light.
Governments and political processes in Western countries are unable to satisfy this major social demand since the political system, the dominant ideology and the economic tools have been engineered to respond to different basic needs.
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Mr. Spielman requires the engineers to respond within 24 hours.
"Nobody ever has enough engineers to respond to client requirements," says Mack Gill of SunGard, an American financial-software developer.
In analysing systems such as urban and national parks, dams, farms and gardens, theme parks, open-pit mines, water catchments, one way to look at the relationship between sustainability and resiliency is to view the former with a long-term vision and resiliency as the capacity of human engineers to respond to immediate environmental events.
Several enzymes, catalyzing easily measurable reactions, have been engineered to allosterically respond to specific ligands, being themselves the main constituent of new-generation biosensors.
Hormone receptors have been engineered to selectively respond to synthetic ligands and used as remote regulators of gene expression for the study of gene function and as potential regulators of gene therapies.
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