TDCCs with fibrillar densities equivalent to native tissues can be readily engineered in various dimensions with tunable morphological and mechanical properties, which can be easily handled for use as tissue models and adapted to clinical needs.
A method to generate large numbers of indistinguishable 3D engineered tissues with dimensions below ∼200 μm and high densities of cells would provide an attractive 3D culture system for controlled studies of 3D cell biology.
Laser glass frit sealing is a joining method predestined in electronics for the sealing of engineered materials housings in dimensions of some 1 mm2 to several 10 mm2.
Engineered nanomaterials, objects with dimensions of 1 100 nm, are providing interesting biomedical tools potentially able to solve these problems, thanks to their physico-chemical features and to the possibility of multi-functionalization, allowing to confer them different features at the same time, including the ability to cross the blood brain barrier.
Benefit from our understanding of the molecular mechanism of immunoescape and the physiologic conditions of tumor, the nanocarriers in nanoimmunotherapy should be further finely engineered with well-defined dimension, intelligent properties, specific targeting, advance lymphatic imaging, and precisely intracellular release for optimizing the therapeutic index [ 2].
These parameters can be engineered by modifying the geometric dimensions and operation conditions.
In this way, unification of two morphologies or two ranges of dimensions could be engineered that might be employed for diverse applications.
This approach may be able to scale current engineered tissues to clinically relevant dimensions, opening the way to their widespread clinical applications.
These engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) all have dimensions below 100 nm, but may still vary considerably in composition, morphology, charge, surface properties and aggregation state, which effects their gastrointestinal fate and potential toxicity.
