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This approach includes reducing work the engine must perform — reducing vehicle weight, aerodynamic resistance, rolling resistance, and accessories — plus improving the efficiency of the internal combustion engine powertrain.
"Because it is an electric car, and we don't have to package a traditional internal-combustion engine powertrain, we have available to us much more packaging opportunities," Mr. Musk said.
The elastodynamic behaviour of the engine powertrain may be critical at high velocities (when the flexibility of the system components can have a major role on the overall performance) with consequences on the valve timing and the transmission of dynamic loads.
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"Europe's competitive advantage in internal combustion engine powertrains disappears with the shift to battery electric vehicles," the report said.
Last season's Vettel-fest no doubt put casual fans off F1 but rule changes including new engines, powertrains and attendant aero and weight redesigns should make 2014 much more of a free-for-all.
At the heart of an automobile are its engine and powertrain, and the operation of these components is controlled by embedded software on electronic control units (ECUs).
It does what it needs to do perfectly well, with a great engine and powertrain, luxurious interior and a certain presence on the road.
Norbert Reithofer, chairman of the management board of BMW AG, characterized the contract to supply Toyota with the diesels as "another important step in the planned expansion of our sales activities for engines and powertrain systems".
The application is a parallel plug-in vehicle, derived from a re- engineered engine-only driven powertrain, and the optimal problem is solved with the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle.
In 2001, as part of the completion of the deal, BMW handed over the Powertrain engine business, which came with £7m of its own cash.
The $69,795 RS5 is equipped with the 4.2-liter V-8 engine, the only powertrain available for the car, and a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com