Older adults with lower education reported more vulnerability in four of the domains: engagement, sense of control, contextual SES (all p < 0.001) and self-esteem (p = 0.01).
Higher levels of frailty were associated with more vulnerability in the engagement, sense of control, and self-esteem dimensions (all p < 0.001).
These results showed that older individuals, who also reported less mind wandering and a higher level of motivation, exhibited preserved sustained attention ability in the Go/No-Go SART, which could be explained by increased engagement of cognitive control mechanisms in this population.
It should also be noted that changes in the brain regions reviewed above may reflect not only the impact of emotional challenge, but also the engagement of cognitive control operations needed to cope with the presence of emotional distraction [16].
Specifically, the magnitude of activity was found to predict both greater PFC activity and adjustments in behavior [19], [20], hence supporting a role of the ACC in the engagement of cognitive control.
Moreover, the magnitude of PFC activity and task-relevant adjustments in behavior was found to relate positively to activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [19], [20], which, together with bordering sections of the medial PFC, is associated with monitoring response conflicts [21], and predicting error likelihood [22], hence serving a supporting role in the engagement of cognitive control.
One possibility is that the late effect reflects the engagement of cognitive control processes.
Cardiac myocytes express low levels of Apaf1, and a consequence of this low Apaf1 activity is the engagement of strict control of caspase (casp) activation by endogenous XIAP.
Overall, this resulted in significant improvement of postural performance with additional benefit of lesser engagement of central control.
Engagement of appetite control and reward-seeking networks involved in food seeking was seen, but the responses of these networks were measurably reduced in hypoglycemia unawareness, with failure of amygdala and orbifrontal cortex responses in particular (Fig. 2).
