Here, we identified a multicomponent enterotoxin, haemolysin BL (HBL), that engages activation of the inflammasome.
The dynamic of initiation, activation and completion of apoptotic cascade in corals incubated with the different thermal treatments support this model whereby early thermal stress engages activation of apoptosis and the onset of a delayed protective response in corals.
In the light of these results, we propose a model of heat stress in coral hosts whereby increasing temperatures engage activation of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in cells designated for termination, but also the onset of a delayed protective response involving overexpression of Bcl-2 in surviving cells.
In addition to these changes, cold responses engage activation of the thyroid and adrenal axes (208, 209).
To determine whether signaling via c-KIT is involved in the cellular response to hypoxia, we studied if phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue at position 719 (Tyr719) occurs, since phosphorylation of this residue is engaged in activation of multiple signaling pathways [7].
The repertoire of adaptive immune genes upregulated in this study conforms to genes engaged in activation of the adaptive immune response.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06412.003 To identify the synaptic signaling mechanisms engaged by activation of the cortical cholinergic system, we targeted layer 1 interneurons for whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in acute brain slices.
TRAIL originally identified as a molecule participating in the process of cytotoxicity with respect to tumor cells has been also proved to be involved in a variety of other mechanisms engaged in activation, migration, and proliferation of various cell types.
Not surprisingly, delineation of these disturbances has evolved with the development of new analytic approaches to elucidate the immune cell function and the downstream signaling pathways engaged during activation.
17β-estradiol induced proliferation of hPASMCs via ERα activation and this engaged mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signalling.
