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Some evidence suggests that when female birds engage in extra-pair copulations, their choice of male is based on the bird's sexual attractiveness, Dr. Barash said.
Surprisingly (to me), females in arranged pairs were only slightly more likely to engage in extra-pair copulations and to produce clutches that contained eggs sired by an extra-pair male.
What's more, many species also engage in "extra-pair mating" – "adultery" to you and me.
Research also shows that females are equally likely to engage in extra-pair mating.
Pairs are predominantly monogamous and both parents care for the young, although males tend to engage in extra-pair copulation with other females to increase their reproductive success.
Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.
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Mate guarding is a common strategy that functions to prevent individuals from engaging in extra-pair copulations.
Male attractiveness, as measured in choice tests, was a useful predictor of whether females engaged in extra-pair copulations with these males, but, surprisingly, the attractiveness of a female's social partner had no effect on her fidelity.
Once socially paired in experiment 3 (on average 10 months later), these 20 females engaged in extra-pair copulations approximately twice as often as the remaining 43 females that had not copulated before pair formation (GLM with binomial errors: Chi2 (1) = 12.4, P = 0.0004; Fig. 1a).
In this system with stable pair-bonds and 'prolonged brood care' [13], [17], females engaging in extra-pair matings would be expected to pay high costs of infidelity since raising a brood on her own or finding a new partner are likely to incur high fitness costs.
The male's presence may also deter the female from engaging in extra-pair copulations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com