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Thus, the results presented in this article have been obtained by enforcing a constraint of minimum energy on the cross-spectra.
For these eight loci, we ran the divergence time analyses multiple times with various parameters, including enforcing a constraint of 210 330 Ma for the origin of teleost paralogs, and when data were available for the gar, we constrained the origin of neopterygians (gars, bowfins, and teleosts) to a minimum of 141 Myr based on the oldest lepisosteid fossil (from the Cretaceous, Gardiner 1993).
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This implies that, in order to have ({mathbb {P}}^{prime }in {mathcal {P}}(1,{mathbb {P}})), we must enforce a constraint for the component ({mathbb {P}}^{prime }_{0}), while ({mathbb {P}}^{prime }_{1}) is arbitrary.
We allow for this case by setting M = N and enforce a constraint x j = y j in the M step.
To incorporate prior knowledge about angiosperm phylogeny, we enforced a constraint tree with the known relationships among genera within the Asterids (Stevens 2009).
In the case of fast dynamics (relative to the time-step), such as the longitudinal extension of biological filaments or the resolution of collisions, the PAIRS method is essentially enforcing a rigid constraint (e.g. no filament elongation, no impingement of rigid bodies) in a pairwise manner.
In addition to the lasso penalty, GFlasso introduces another penalty function, called a graph-guided fused-lasso penalty, which is constructed from the trait network and plays the role of enforcing a soft constraint that highly correlated traits in the network are influenced by a common region in the genome.
Apart from undermining the data-driven approach by enforcing a priori constraints, restricting ourselves to a specific behavioral domain (BD) would also entail a conceptual problem.
Such an interference regulation is achieved by enforcing a set of constraints over the SU transmit covariance matrix, which will be discussed later in details. Figure 1 System model of the SU coexisting with the PU.
It is accomplished by the use of an iterative algorithm that enforces a divergence constraint in cells containing the interface.
Instead, one can enforce a complexity constraint (also called a halting policy) at the sphere decoder, say at most N max r) flops of computational reserves.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com