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Behind the Numbers European cities dominate Mercer's list, which rates 420 global cities on the basis of the political and social environment (including stability, crime and law enforcement); the strength of the economy; restrictions, such as censorship and limitations on personal freedom; the quality of health care as well as exposure to infectious diseases; and school quality.
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In May, Britain's top counter-terrorism officer, Mark Rowley, said: "Our discussions over the next few months in terms of the spending rounds … around counter-terrorism, will make the point it's not simply about the counter-terrorism network enforcement, its about the strength of those other elements of policing".
In line with Janssen (2015), I include IRSStrength as an interaction term with StB to control for the enforcement strength of the competent local tax authority depending on company headquarters and its relevance for the connection between StB and Rate.
This table reports results given by the following regression model which investigates the relevance of enforcement strength by the responsible local tax authority for the association between StB and effective tax rates.
Mr. Massino's appearance on Tuesday comes as law enforcement officials have been debating the strength and capabilities of organized crime families, whose ranks have been decimated over the last two decades.
In this example, an off-setting consideration might be differences in contract enforcement due to differences in the strength of the legal system.
Cross-sectional quantitative analyses suggest that the demand for patent rights is lower in patent systems with a higher quality index, controlling for research efforts, patent fees and the "strength" of enforcement mechanisms.
Our hypothesis that the strength and enforcement of local institutions are important in determining patterns of forest cover change was largely corroborated by our results.
The individual scores of the local tax authorities generated by the survey are matched to the postcodes of the sample companies' headquarters to identify the strength of tax enforcement that apply to the companies.
Several institutional aspects are argued to affect firm growth such as the strength of legal enforcement, administrative barriers to entry, the prevalence of extra-legal payments and a lack of market-supporting institutions (Johnson et al. 2000; Estrin et al. 2006, 2009).
The index ranked nations based on how well they performed in eight areas: limiting government powers, curbing corruption, ensuring order and security, protecting fundamental rights, government transparency, the strength of regulatory enforcement, access to civil justice and the effectiveness criminal justice.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com