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Therefore not only at the gene level, but also at the pathway level, there is a similarity in response of the animals, in that female rats have a selective and largely energy intake-specific genetic/pathway response while the male rats only show commonalities in their genetic/pathway response when extreme dietary perturbations are introduced.
An extensive food frequency questionnaire provided information on total energy intake and specific nutrients (19).
Second, the 24-item FFQ is too short for complete assessment of total energy intake or specific nutrients.
Regardless, it is difficult to attain the desired results because consumer behavior is complex and multifactorial and there are notable substitution effects which make the reduction in total energy intake by specific taxes unattainable.
However, the lack of detailed dietary information in this study limited our ability to comprehensively adjust for total energy intake and other specific dietary factors.
Each model for the association between the energy intake of a specific group with mother's BMI and mother's overweight was adjusted for the respective energy intake from all other food groups.
The plausibility of participants reported nutrient intake was assessed by using the Goldberg cut-offs [ 27] for energy intake for their specific reported PAL as described by Black [ 28].
We studied single SNP associations with total energy intake and macronutrient-specific energy intake using the ancestral allele as reference in the linear regression model, although it was not always the most frequent allele.
The focus of these studies was primarily on total energy intake rather than on specific macronutrients.
This study supports the hypothesis that high energy intake, rather than any specific dietary patterns, established in mid-thirties is associated with mammographic density in later life.
To be able to develop theory and evidence-based interventions aimed at the prevention of excess weight gain, it is essential to identify which specific energy intake and energy expenditure behaviors contribute most to excess weight gain, and which determinants mediate or predict engagement in such behaviors.
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