Our augmented bond valence approach may be used to establish structure property relationships in solid electrolytes, to identify the mobile species and to locate energetically favorable transport pathways for the mobile type of ions through the bond valence sum mismatch "landscape" created by the immobile substructure.
The regulation of energetically expensive transport systems appears to be an important strategy used by RS larvae to survive in extreme conditions.
These novel pathways represent targets for future metabolic engineering, as they would exploit both the rapid Entner Doudoroff glycolysis, and the energetically uncoupled electron transport of Z. mobilis.
The active, yet energetically inefficient electron transport chain of the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis could be used in metabolic engineering for redox-balancing purposes during synthesis of certain products.
But reductive evolution, by permitting the evolution of energetically expensive intracellular transport systems, enables the loss of endosymbiont genes, affording further energy savings.
Achieving high performance and reliable organic solar cells hinges on the development of stable and energetically suitable hole transporting buffer layers in tune with the electrode and photoactive materials of the solar cell stack.
Despite this unusual and seemingly energetically unfavorable mechanism, such transport does not require ATP.
Several other important members of the electron transport chain are energetically and mechanistically incapable of pumping protons, specifically complex II (including succinate dehydrogenase), glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and the electron-transferring flavoprotein quinone oxidoreductase of fatty acid β-oxidation.
Figure 29 shows a schematic representation of the four sequential steps performed by rotaxane 75 to transport the system energetically uphill: balance-breaking 1, linking, unlinking, balance breaking 2 (resetting the machine but not the substrate).
In contrast, the m = 1 states in the core are not expected to play a significant role in the current transport since they reside energetically well above the Fermi level.
