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Balneological applications have a long tradition, but energetic utilization of hydrogeothermal resources started only in the 1970s.
It was assessed if carbohydrate type (NSP vs. starch) affected the energetic utilization for growth (KgDE) and the energy requirements for maintenance (DEm).
Gasification is a key process for the thermochemical conversion of coal for both energetic utilization and its application as a chemical feedstock.
Substitution effects from material and energetic utilization of harvested timber result in considerable emission reductions, which can compensate for the loss of forest carbon, and eventually contribute to the overall climate change mitigation benefits from forestry sector.
We develop two scenarios to quantify the magnitude of CO2 emissions by (1) energetic utilization, and (2) energetic and material utilization of harvested timber and compare the substitution effects for different fossil energy sources.
The share of renewable energies was 20%, with 7.6% coming from wind power, 3.2% from hydropower, 3.1% from photovoltaic, and 6% from different kinds of biomass, which includes a share of 0.8% coming from energetic utilization of waste[4].
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Sub-scenario 2b represents a high efficiency in timber utilization by adopting moderate logging losses, energetic use of residues and HWPs at the end of their lifetime, and a displacement factor of 2.1 (Table 6).
Results also show that inclusion of reheat, provide significant improvement in electrical power output, process heat production, fuel-utilization (energetic) efficiency and second-law (exergetic) efficiency.
Since added fat did not depress appetite and milk yield did not differ between groups, higher BCS in the experimental cows at day 56 of lactation may be a consequence of better utilization of energetic precursors in peripheral tissue.
Further, when accounting for differences in substrate utilization, the energetic cost of running was not different between groups.
The organism required certain nutrients in order to meet its energetic demands and optimal utilization of these nutrients impacted biomass production.
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