If the object is itself active, such as water flow, it may power the signal; if passive, it must trigger the signal by interaction either with an energetic probe, such as a light source or X-ray tube, or with a carrier signal.
And in contrast to energetic probes such as x-rays or electrons, helium atoms bounce lightly off the target surface without damaging it, explains Peter Toennies of the Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics in Göttingen, Germany.
They repeated the experiment using the UED instrument at SLAC's Accelerator Structure Test Area ASTAA), in which a pulsed beam of very energetic electrons probed the samples.
The same beam pulse that creates the infrared pump pulse is split to form the more energetic ultraviolet probe pulse, by passing part of it through frequency doubling crystals.
Abstract: A proposed Black Hole Finder probe, Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telscope (EXIST) is re-designed to capture and identify high red-shift Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) through X-ray imaging and onboard optical/IR spectroscopy.
But soft x‑rays and energetic ultraviolet light can probe the core electrons of atoms, which uniquely identify atomic species in a way that valence electrons can't.
In addition, by using double mutant cycle analysis, we probed the energetic contribution of selected pairs of amino acid residues.
As these structures are not at equilibrium once formed, one can manipulate the monolayer both during and after its formation by means of thermal, chemical, and electrochemical processing, exposure to controlled energetic beams, and scanning probe microscopes.
Other studies have probed the energetic characteristics of localized backbone degrees of freedom individually by using umbrella sampling [23] or unrestrained [24] MD simulations.
