Endogenous titers of polyamines (especially Put, Spd, and Spm) are modulated not only through regulated gene expression patterns of polyamine biosynthetic genes but also through the regulated expression of genes involved in catabolism of polyamines (generally known as amine oxidases) that catalyze the oxidative deamination of polyamines having its own functionalities.
Topical JH application caused premature enhancement of the EGFP signal and the EGFP transcript level in midguts of newly eclosed ET-Gal4 > UAS-EGFP female mosquitoes, in which endogenous JH titer is still low.
However, achieving a rapid and reliable method for PrPSc detection has been hampered by difficulties in discriminating infectious PrPSc from endogenous PrPC, low titers of PrPSc in blood, and the presence of lipid and protein contaminants that can complicate the accuracy of determinations.
This finding indicates relationship between endogenous JH III/MF titer in the mothers and sexual outcome of the offspring is an opposite phenomenon in pea aphids and daphnids: high innate JH III titer induces female progeny in pea aphids and male progeny in daphnids.
Disruption of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase (pheA) to preserve endogenous chorismate then allowed maximum titers of 277 ± 2, 454 ± 11, and 451 ± 44 mg/L, respectively, at glucose yields of 5.8, 9.7, and 14.3% of their respective theoretical maxima.
However, they also function to regulate titers of many endogenous compounds [ 21, 24] involved in other pathways that may indicate general response to environmental stress (e.g., Cry1F toxin exposure).
RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed (see above), and qRT-PCR was used to measure the viral titer relative to an endogenous control (RpL32) using the delta delta CT method.
Through systematic deletion of competing aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathways to promote endogenous phenylpyruvate availability, final benzyl alcohol titers as high as 114±1 mg/L were realized, representing a yield of 7.6±0.1 mg/g on glucose and a ~5-fold improvement over initial strains.
Moreover, animals that survived the challenge and developed endogenous PA-neutralizing antibodies with neutralizing titers above 100 were fully protected against repeat challenges with 40LD50 of B. anthracis spores.
Purely endogenous aging processes that affect various neurochemical titers also likely occur (reviewed in Amdam and Omholt 2003).
