For the old endemics, the trend is toward a lower reproductive rate relative to the ancestral state at the root of all Murinae.
The pattern of the thresholds in lowlands, where malaria is endemic shows a similar trend to that of parasite density by age.
The overall trend that endemic DENV-2 strains were consistently more efficient at infecting peridomestic Aedes mosquitoes than were sylvatic DENV-2 strains (p = 0.000) supports our central hypothesis.
In the new endemics, we found a trend of increasing reproductive rates with diversification.
57 With regard to malaria, although studies in other malaria endemic countries have linked seasonal trends in maternal mortality to seasonal trends in malaria incidence, 66 67 and a recent study in Kenya estimated that 9% of 249 pregnancy-related deaths were due to malaria, 68 the contribution of malaria to maternal mortality in Malawi remains unclear.
An economic evaluation of BU should be undertaken with larger samples in other BU endemic areas to provide a trend and variability in cost of this debilitating disease to further inform policy on BU management.
In the United States and Canada, meningococcal disease is primarily endemic (3), and a recent downward trend in case occurrence has been noted (5).
The new endemics, in contrast, showed a phylogenetic trend towards increasing reproductive rates compared to the ancestors of the Murinae.
Thus, within the new endemics there has been an evolutionary trend towards increased reproductive rates as they expanded throughout Australia, particularly into the climatically erratic regions of the interior, the monsoonal north, and the tropical grasslands of the north-east.
Further surveys of malaria morbidity and mortality at other hospitals in the region are required to establish such frequencies as general trends in eastern Indonesian endemic zones.
