The EAIH postulates that isolation of East Asia3,4,5,6,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 resulted in the evolution of endemic groups such as mamenchisaurid sauropods27, an early diverging lineage of tetanurans28, oviraptorosaurs4, therizinosaurs4, the initial neornithischian radiation29, marginocephalians4, and some mammals4,30.
The evolution of endemic biodiversity in contemporary Australia has primarily arisen over a period of increasing aridity during the late Tertiary period [ 16- 20].
Surveillance of WNV transmission in Harris County, Texas, provides an excellent model for elucidating the dynamics of endemic and epidemic WNV evolution on a fine geographic scale.
On the other hand, strains belonging to another major genogroup EAI (n = 90 strains) were highly scattered suggestive either of its stepwise introduction in the Caribbean over time or of its local evolution in endemic areas following early introduction.
This is genetically reflected in the abundance of private mtDNA haplotypes in each lake (Table 2), their unique microsatellite allele composition and, ultimately, the evolution of endemic crater lake species in some cases [ 14, 50, 51, 56, 62, 77].
This facilitates the survival of relict lineages and the evolution of endemic adaptive radiations [ 3, 8, 9], resulting in a "diversity and stability paradox" [ 10]: oceanic island biotas are often species poor, but have high endemism; they appear stable (pending maintenance of biotic isolation), but are susceptible to collapse following anthropogenic disturbance.
Historically in Brazil, the Mid-Western region has always had high rates of new cases of leprosy and the least favourable evolution of endemics in Brazil [ 14].
Consider, for example, the evolution of many endemic species of plants and animals in the Hawaiian archipelago.
The first avian genetic study from this biodiversity hotspot, our results provide insights into processes that may have impacted the speciation and evolution of the endemic fauna of this region.
We report the endemic circulation and natural interhost evolution of porcine kobuvirus among domestic pigs on a pig farm within a 21-month period.
