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These data indicate that grouse become exposed to SINV and that the virus could have an endemic cycle involving grouse.
Therefore, WNV may have circulated silently in the western Mediterranean region, establishing an endemic cycle after a single introduction.
Because humans are the only reservoir host for the endemic cycle, an effective vaccine could ultimately eradicate endemic strains.
Because Aedes spp. have been identified in Dang, the data strongly suggest the existence of an endemic cycle of dengue.
The probability of establishment was considered to be dependent on the probability of infected dogs excreting eggs and the probability of excreted eggs starting an endemic cycle.
Therefore, it was assumed that dogs imported after 71 (28+43) days post infection would excrete very few eggs and were assumed to not initiate an endemic cycle.
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Figure 1e,f shows the basic four year endemic cycles in the two sets of patches before the river and figure 1g shows low level disease cirulation within the cordon sanitaire.
These circumstances demonstrated the existence of at least 2 overlapping endemic cycles in this area.
Therefore, when I. trianguliceps and I. ricinus ticks are sympatric, I. trianguliceps driven endemic cycles may provide an efficient reservoir from which I. ricinus may acquire infections from rodents, thus increasing the risk of rodent-derived human infections.
Probably endemic cycles are established in the Mediterranean area, although it is not clear which bird species might play a role in the local persistence of the infection or the contribution of overwintering mosquitoes.
The relatively short duration of A. phagocytophila infections in these rodents may have more general implications for the nature of endemic cycles involving rodents and the occurrence of rodent-derived infected ticks to which humans may be exposed in Europe.
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