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This method is able to correctly operate during SPT with different situations, including secondary arc, different fault types, high fault resistances, fault locations, change in source capacity, cross country fault for double circuit line, far end fault for double circuit line.
The positive sequence current based methods have although limitation for high resistance far end fault, and load change situation but during such situation CCVT transient is not possible.
Initial investigations showed that 8 kHz bandwidth is sufficient to capture the maximum |dv/dt| for a far end fault on the shortest cable/overhead line in the test grid considered.
The farthest end fault case of ABG fault at 198 km from the relay location at bus-2 with Rf = 100 Ω at 60 ms was represented graphically in Fig. 8.
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This is because it is not required to discriminate between the close up faults and the far end faults on the same line.
Table 4 summarises the responses of the protection scheme for far end faults with high fault resistance, and Table 5 depicts the test results for varying fault location with high fault resistance.
In [115], the fitness function is formulated as summation of operating time of all primary relays in the distribution systems and while in [37], it is formulated as minimization of total operating time of all primary relays for near end and far end faults.
Moreover, the double-end fault location method based on traveling waves is integrated into the protection scheme to predict the accurate fault location.
Based on this experiment, it is observed that the proposed technique is more accurate than one-end fault location based measured values in substation.
Fig. 8 Both ends fault location.
This situation necessitates the need for double ended fault location algorithms which are highly accurate but need measurements from both ends of the line.
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