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The end diameter should be the diameter of the end of the connecting section.
The optimum cold end diameter (dc) and the length to diameter (L/D) ratios and optimum parameters for obtaining the maximum hot gas temperature and minimum cold gas temperature are obtained through CFD analysis and validated through experiments.
This paper aims to investigate the impacts of geometrical parameters, including intermediate diameter, wall thickness and upper end diameter, on the specific energy absorption (SEA) of composite tubes, metal tubes, foam-filled tubes and hybrid tubes.
Results show that changing upper end diameter of tubes has great impacts on their energy absorption capacity, but sensitivities of SEA to geometrical parameters and cross-section shapes differ depending on materials of tubes and foam filling.
Experimental studies have shown that for a 12 mm diameter straight vortex tube with six conical nozzles, maximum temperature difference of ≈109 K between hot and cold end flows was obtained for length to diameter ratio (L/D) > 25 and with optimum cold end diameter (dc) of 7 mm.
For the 26 logs of 2.7 m tested, the small end diameter averaged 34.4 cm with a standard deviation of 4.3 cm while the large end diameter averaged 38.9 cm with a standard deviation of 6.3 cm.
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Left ventricular systolic and diastolic end diameters were not significantly changed.
Configurations of these numerical models include circular, square and tapered (5 different upper end diameters) tubes.
The length of the gauge rod is 260 mm and its end diameters are 9·8 mm and 20·1 mm.
The small end (SED) and large end diameters (LED) were measured for each log in order to calculate log volume.
A typical CNT has an open-end diameter of ∼2 μm, a close-end diameter of ∼0.3 μm, a wall thickness of ∼30 nm, and a length up to 8 μm.
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