Planning laws may need to change to encourage dense development, backed up by connected infrastructure and public transport systems such as rail, bus rapid transit, bicycle lanes, pedestrian access, car- and bicycle-sharing, smarter traffic information systems, and electric vehicles with charging point networks using renewable energy sources.
Based on the magnitude of our estimates, we conclude that carefully considered land development and zoning measures – ones that encourage dense development, diverse land cover and mixed land use – can have beneficial impacts in reducing car dependency that extend far into the future.
Japan introduced a carbon tax and a new law to encourage denser, more energy-efficient cities.
Al Gore has argued for legislation that would encourage denser use of land, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation has added anti-sprawl initiatives to its portfolio, on the not entirely unreasonable premise that Wal-Marts are a factor in the decline of the smalltown Main Streets that the trust sees as its duty to preserve.
In the Lunda and Luyana kingdoms a prosperous valley environment encouraged dense settlement and prompted the development of relatively centralized government.
That means, among other things, better public transportation, better public spaces and better housing that encourages dense vertical buildings, which are more energy efficient and make shared services easier to deliver, and more e-learning and e-commerce opportunities that reduce commuting.
Until then the ill-drained marshlands with low cliffs of glacial till had not encouraged dense settlement, although place-names on the Wirral peninsula (west bank of the Mersey) are a reminder of the 10th-century invasion by Norsemen from Ireland and the Isle of Man.
Consequently, mirroring efforts to establish Marine Protected Areas, which are intended to increase fish populations, might not be the best strategy for protecting coral, Aronson says, because encouraging denser populations could render them more vulnerable to diseases.
The root of the problem has been a misguided London plan championed by both Livingstone and Boris Johnson, which aimed to increase housing and offices by encouraging tall, dense development of "underused" industrial areas.
The latter model included 24 items loading onto one of the following seven factors: high control, high contingency, child-centered feeding, encouraging nutrient-dense foods, discouraging energy-dense foods, mealtime behaviors, and timing of meals.
This trend might be reversed through health promotion efforts that encourage low-energy-dense foods such as fruits and vegetables.
