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In scent oriented species, male competition for females can be translated into an olfactory tournament (outbidding competition) more than into an arena of aggressive encounters (contest competition) [9], [11], [29], [30], [31].
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If the number of turn-taking individuals in a group is low then contest individuals achieve on average a higher fitness than turn-taking individuals, because turn-taking individuals mostly encounter contest individuals.
Encounters and contest behaviour occurred once the barrier was opened.
We determined male aggressive behaviors during dyadic encounters by analyzing contests staged between pairs of males in a small test tank measuring 30 × 20 × 20 cm.
Nalanga intercepted as the visitors attempted to make a late mark on the encounter to end the contest.
More extensive range overlap leads to more frequent encounters and a higher potential for contest competition between groups.
The 21-year-old Kenyan, in his first encounter this year with the equally talented Abubaker Kaki of Sudan, won the hotly contested two-lap contest by just 0.19sec in a world-leading time of 1 42.04.
Holtzclaw does not contest that he encountered the women, but he maintains his innocence.
During the trial, Holtzclaw did not contest that he encountered the women, but he maintained his innocence.
These flaws are not lost on the Conservatives, who believe that the byelection, in which they are defending a majority of 16,152, will mark the moment when the Ukip bandwagon is slowed, if not entirely halted, as Britain's insurgent political force encounters the immense challenge of contesting Westminster seats.
The encounter went to a no contest at 1 minute and 56 seconds when Monty Brown interfered in the bout attacking both wrestlers and proceeding to challenge the winner of Raven versus Rhino for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to a title defense at TNA's next PPV event Bound for Glory on October 23.
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