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That penalty could spell disaster when dolphins encounter predators and certain commercial fishing vessels, Noren says.
African savannah elephants likewise may be more gregarious than Asian elephants because they typically inhabit more open environments, and also encounter predators other than humans [ 53- 55].
The assumption is animals that frequently come into contact with predators are more fearful and subsequently take flight more quickly in the presence of a threat stimulus, compared to animals that rarely encounter predators [ 71, 72].
Similar(56)
If fry use chemical cues in predator detection, we predict that when fry encounter predator chemical cues they will respond with shoal tightening – tighter shoaling in fish, flocking in birds, and herding in mammals, are adaptive responses to the presence of potential predators [reviewed in refs. 2] [4] – and with defensive behaviors such as seeking out corners and walls of the test tanks.
One of these variables was exclusively observed in the context of simulated predator presence (predator-related scanning behaviour) and not during the observational period, in which the birds did not encounter predator models or real predators.
Nest-guarding females reduced the likelihood of encountering predators by homing at night, when lizard predators were inactive.
Spatial overlap of nightjars and foxes along roads suggests that microhabitat selection by these birds may in part depend on the chance of escape from predator encounters rather than on the probability of encountering predators.
I encountered predators, too.
In the wild, hungry kangaroos increase their range despite the danger of encountering predators like dingoes.
Homelessness caused by domestic violence puts women, men and children at risk of encountering predators who lure them into trafficking.
In contrast, by reducing the number of foraging bouts females benefit from reducing the risk of encountering predators as their reproductive success depends on survival until eggs have been deposited [38].
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