In addition, a broad range of short and long-term direct and indirect medical costs are attributed to HPV encompassing costs for treating genital warts, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers [3, 2, 4, 5].
A societal perspective was adopted to encompass costs to beneficiary households, including their opportunity costs and an estimate of their income earned from vegetable sales.
The cost encompassed operating cost, annualized capital cost, transportation cost and biomass acquisition cost for each biomass type.
Direct costs encompass medical costs such as expenses for pharmaceuticals, inpatient and outpatient medical care costs, as well as other medical services (e.g., occupational therapies).
Finally, implementation costs encompass those costs connected with ensuring and enabling the achievement of a certain objective.
They specifically distinguish between production costs and governance costs, the latter encompassing the costs of decision making as well as the costs of implementing a specific policy.
We introduce a general notion of transport cost that encompasses many costs used in the literature (including the classical one and weak transport costs introduced by Talagrand and Marton in the 90's), and prove a Kantorovich type duality theorem.
These costs encompassed both the direct costs of managing the program, and any incremental costs or savings flowing from changes in care for program participants.
Cost-effectiveness models generally describe disease pathways between relevant health states to which unit costs are attached, encompassing the costs incurred by patients in each health state over a defined time period, typically 1 month or 1 year.
First, social costs encompass all NHS costs, by definition.
