Novartis is arguing that the term should encompass modifications that might make a drug safer or easier to use, not just more effective in treating a disease.
Pronounced biological potency of 19-norvitamin D compounds as well as interesting biological action of the vitamin D analogs possessing elongated side chains encouraged us to expand the scope of our structure-activity studies to encompass such modifications of the 1α,25- OH 2D3 (calcitriol) molecule.
In addition to a better productivity than previous fermentation processes based on the de novo pathway for GDP-fucose biosynthesis, the established schemes in this work also have the advantage to be a potential avenue to GDP-fucose analogs encompassing chemical modification on the fucose residue.
This resulted in 29 unique peptide sequences encompassing different modification forms of a peptide with the same sequence that, as a group, can be used for phosphorylation site localization.
Methods for intein-mediated C-terminal protein modification encompass expressed protein ligation (EPL) and protein trans-splicing (PTS).
Such epigenetic signatures encompass the heritable modifications that do not change the DNA sequence but rather provide 'extra' layers of control that regulate chromatin organization and gene expression [30], [31].
Epigenetics encompass reversible biochemical modifications of DNA and chromatin that do not change the underlying DNA sequence but influence its interpretation by the cellular machinery, particularly with respect to gene expression.
A modification encompassing both systems was described by Tauber et al, 1 who proposed that counting the number of, and percentage horizontal obliteration of the lower fornix by symblephara could potentially improve detection of disease progression.
In this study, at both 1 h and 24 h following GA3 treatment, up-regulated genes tended to fall into categories encompassing cellular, protein modification and catabolic processes, as well as multicellular organismal development and reproduction.
This is a highly interdisciplinary field that encompasses polymer synthesis and modification, cell culturing, gene therapy, stem cell research, therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering.
