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However, to encode items for episodic memory, the anterior medial PFC is activated as well [ 65].
α oscillations could be enhanced by the strategies that subjects used to spatially encode items that appeared close to their peripheral field-of-view while they simultaneously attempted to suppress eye movements.
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Similarly, the source memory task used in Lind and Bowler's study taps on the ability to encode particular items (e.g., the card picture and the picture name) in self-relevant ways, while in our study the source memory task implies the ability to distinguish self-performed from other-performed actions, each characterized by distinctive motor components.
Participants performed well on the pretest equation-encoding items, but poorly on the pretest graph-encoding items (see Table 1).
Because there was little room for improvement on the equation-encoding items, our analysis of students' encoding performance focused on the graph-encoding items only.
Unlike the differential retention of encoding side for previously presented negative and neutral items across sleep, no such valence-related difference was seen for proportions of false alarms assigned to the "correct" side (negative: −1.5 ± 22.9%; neutral: −7.5 ± 32.9%; t(43) = 1.0, P = 0.34), suggesting that the emotional advantage was tied to previously encoded items.
Next to the 9 encoded items, the IRT test included the hidden reference and two anchors, being the original material band-limited at 3.5 and 7 kHz.
For each problem element (slope or intercept), we included pretest scores on the corresponding element as a potential predictor of posttest performance; these scores ranged from 0 to 2 as there were two pretest graph-encoding items.
Table 2 Model parameters for the best-fitting model for graph-encoding items Fixed effects Estimate SE z value p Intercept 0.95 0.76 1.24 0.21 Element 1.44 0.27 5.40 < .001 Random effects Variance SD Item Item 0.42 0.65 Participant 1.08 1.04 Posttest ~ Element + (1|item) + (1|participant).
All non-cued items were rotated by 90° to prevent subjects to use a strategy of encoding items in chunks.
While these studies focused on free recall of previously encoded items, other designs investigated the impact of confederates' responses on recognition memory.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com