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To ensure the virginity of mature females that were used in the experiment, sub-adult females (n = 80) were placed in artificial burrows (see above) and isolated in field enclosures 1 m×1 m×30-cm high, an area thighanproximarea thatsmapproximatesthey smallesta female in territorylation [25], [29].
Males were introduced into their enclosures 1 day before females to enable them to establish a territory.
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Zoo enclosures, 60 to 100 times smaller than the smallest home ranges in the wild, restrict movement, and hard flooring leads to foot problems.
The behavior of correlation-based TDE methods has been studied theoretically [6] also in reverberant enclosures [7, 8].
The same pattern could not be observed in the older enclosures (>15 years).
In contrast, the average survival of toads in clearcut enclosures was significantly reduced compared to that of toads in forested enclosures (17 ± 5% versus 61 ± 3%).
This increase in SOC was consistent, although not significant (on the p < 0.05 level), down to a soil depth of 80 cm for enclosures <15 years.
Toads surviving in clearcuts were also significantly smaller than those surviving in forested enclosures (27.9 ± 0.1 mm versus 30.3 ± 0.8 mm SVL).
The likelihood of establishment of bullfrog populations in water bodies in plots with simple enclosures (49/89 = 55.1%) was higher than those with elaborate enclosures (3/48 = 6.3%).
In the evening all apes came back from the forest and stayed the night in indoor enclosures (12 m2–120 m2).
In the enclosures, both the densities (4 or 8 females/0.2 ha) and frequencies (1∶3 (4 enclosures); 3∶1 (4), 2∶6 (2), 6∶2 (3)) of different reproductive tactics (low or high RE) were manipulated (see the design in Table 4).
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