Following defoliation, leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases are considered to be carbon sources, while the leaf meristems enclosed in the leaf sheaths are the sinks [16], [18].
We measured the nutrient fluxes from the sediment into the water enclosed among the leaf shoots ("canopy water") to determine if it is possible source of nutrients for P. oceanica leaves.
It has long been valued in Southeast Asia as a green fertilizer due to its symbiotic relationship with Nostoc azollae, a cyanobacterium that lives in cavities enclosed by the leaf tissue of Azolla[ 65] and renders it capable of nitrogen fixation [ 66].
Continuous withering machines move the leaf on conveyor belts and subject it to hot air in an enclosed chamber, discharging withered leaf while fresh leaf is simultaneously loaded.
One cuvette enclosed a fully expanded mature leaf (leaf # 14 16), which was exposed to 13CO2 during the labeling period.
Gas-exchange parameters were recorded once the topmost expanded leaf was enclosed in the chamber and the system software indicated that CO2, H2O, and flow in the chamber were stabilized.
For the herbivory treatments, one third instar larva was enclosed on a single leaf in a small cage made out of a paperboard tube (2 cm diameter).
The primary bud is the most developed and by maturity bears 12 15 nodes, including inflorescence, tendril and leaf primordia, enclosed by layers of bracts and hairs.
Briefly, a single leaf was enclosed in a plastic volatile collection chamber and volatiles were trapped on 20 mg of Super-Q absorbent (ARS, Philadelphia, PA) secured with glass wool in small glass cylinders.
At each measurement, the leaf was enclosed in the chamber and left to achieve steady-state response, then a saturating light pulse was triggered to induce fluorescence, and, in parallel, the gas-exchange data were stored.
