"If US corporations, like Royal Caribbean, continue to help Raúl create an enclave type of tourism, it's very unlikely that the majority of Cubans outside of Havana will benefit," Guerra said, noting that the exclusive hotels also help Castro control what tourists see of Cuba.
This has a potentially important impact on the usefulness or otherwise of the enclave type instrument described in equation (2).
Also, labor conditions are often very low in developing country activities related to agricultural production or mining, and material extraction often fosters enclave types rather than inclusive forms of development (for example, Bird 2014).
In the 1990's, as Congress moved twice to increase sanctions against Cuba, Mr. Cheney said, he would have preferred setting up a West Berlin-type enclave of democracy and free enterprise at the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Some enclaves are interesting for their novelty (Basques in Nevada — who knew?), while others represent something that's enduring but perceived as threatened, as in, "London's East End is still a hyper-cool enclave of creative types surrounded by a sea of commercialization".
Alongside photos of these buildings are images of isolated, barrack-type enclaves that, at first glance, bear no Bauhaus aesthetic.
Although this type of secure enclave may be unusual in an urban setting like New York City, its 832 homes seem no less exclusive than their suburban counterparts.
In mid-afternoon, residents were ordered to clear out of more than 900 homes in Hidden Valley, an enclave of ranches and estate-type properties southeast of Camarillo.
SEVERAL industrial buildings in Stamford's South End, below I-95 and the railroad tracks, have become retail enclaves, but zoning restricts the type and size of stores, to minimize competition with downtown retailers.
Maybe this type of operation could only have started in an enclave like Boulder, similar to how Silicon Valley sprouted in the nurturing light of Stanford.
But as young, creative types have snapped up homes, this west-end Polish enclave has morphed into a hub of local design and casual-hip dining.
