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The sol gel encapsulation of cells is achieved at room temperature and neutral pH.
Most importantly, the temporary encapsulation of cells significantly enhanced cell viability at earlier time points.
Manipulation and encapsulation of cells in microdroplets has found many applications in various fields such as clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research, and regenerative medicine.
Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures.
Encapsulation of cells within hydrogel matrices, in particular alginate, is widely used for fabrication of tissue engineered constructs.
This multilayered hydrogel, which mimics the stratified structure of in vivo tissues, allows the layer-specific encapsulation of cells and temporary storage of bioactive molecules.
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Spencer, A. C., Torre, P. & Mansy, S. S. The encapsulation of cell-free transcription and translation machinery in vesicles for the construction of cellular mimics.
To date, stem cell biomaterial interactions have largely been studied by introducing stem cells into artificial environments, such as 2D cell culture on biomaterial surfaces, encapsulation of cell suspensions within hydrogel materials, or cell seeding on 3D polymeric scaffolds.
Picoinjection is preferable to co-encapsulation of cells with assay solution because it decouples photoautotrophic lactate production (6 h) from the lactate assay (30 min), thus allowing the use of assay reagents that may be transported out of droplets on a longer timescale or that are light sensitive.
None of these other methods allows the fabrication of sub-100 μm modules (which enable cells to grow at high cell densities), or the encapsulation of single cells (except in large amounts of excess matrix).
We increased the encapsulation density of cells in non-degradable gels polymerized for 5 minutes (3000 to 30 000 cells μL 1) and demonstrated a corresponding increase in viability (83 ± 2% to 92 ± 1%) (ESI Fig. S7 †).
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