The use of time as a proxy measure for technological change, for example, not only captures such changes, but may also encapsulate variations in policy, patient experiences, preference, and expenditures.
In addition, we also considered latitude-centre point of each grid cell-as a potential determinant of diversity, which encapsulates the variation in several environmental variables [ 34].
In all cases, lipid droplet staining in the first four pairs of intestinal cells was quantified using NIH Image J software, by measuring pixel intensity over the first four pairs of intestinal cells, which fully encapsulate the variation seen in the tested conditions1.
Nonetheless, our goal was to both encapsulate typical variation in aDNA damage levels, as well as model "worse-case" scenarios for comparative purposes.
The 100 Fourier coefficients for a subset of experimental individuals were treated as variables in a principal components analysis (PCA) to encapsulate shape variation in a small number of mathematical descriptors.
This highlights the need for genotyping chips which contain tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are able to encapsulate common variation across African population groups (Gurdasani et al., 2015).
Thus, this quite crude H W shape measure describes much of the same shape variation encapsulated by mPC1 and allows us to think of mPC1 as predominantly describing how squat or slender a lobe is.
The human CGH data set, although of a lower resolution, has a much larger number of individuals and consequently encapsulates much greater individual variation than the bovine data set.
The obtained ordered discrete curves whether encoded in the form of concentric contours or in a spiral curve encapsulate the face shape variation in both local and global scales.
PC2, encapsulating 9% of the total variation modelled, further distinguished samples according to their variety: all Apo samples loaded negatively on PC2, all IR64 samples loaded positively.
