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In each of the 2 linguistic moods, there were 4 enabling relations, 4 strong causes, and 4 weak causes.
The aim of Experiments 1a and 1b was to examine the sorts of possibilities people think about when they understand causal conditionals about enabling relations.
Participants were asked to paraphrase causal conditionals with enabling relations, e.g., 'if the ignition key was turned the car started', and also causal conditionals with strong causal relations, e.g., 'if Joe cut his finger it bled', and weak causal relations, e.g., 'if the apples were ripe they fell off the tree'.
Alternative views exist about whether causes and enabling relations differ in terms of their meaning or logic, or in terms of characteristics such as normality, conversational relevance, constancy and covariation (e.g., Cheng & Novick, 1992; Einhorn & Hogarth, 1986; Hilton & Erb, 1996; Sloman, 2005; Turnbull & Slugoski, 1988).
In the experiments we gave participants short stories that contained enabling relations, presented line by line on a computer screen:> We presented the conditional, 'if A then B' (in line 4) and we ensured that it was interpreted as an enabler by presenting it in the context of an additional requirement, C which had to occur for B (in line 2).
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For an enabling relation, these possibilities are A and B, not-A and not-B, A and not-B (see Table 1).
The third sentence was of the form, 'He also said' and the fourth sentence was a conditional describing an enabling relation ('If the lid was twisted then the bottle opened').
This presentation enables relations between each component to be readily seen, both horizontally within each role of an exchange, and vertically as the exchange unfolds in time.
To adjust for differences in age- or gender, we also provide specific score tables which enable relation of a patient to a reference population with same age and/or gender.
The first two experiments (1a and 1b) examine the possibilities that are primed by indicative conditionals that express enabling causal relations.
As a workaround for the comparison, the process with the highest impact in each category was scaled to 100%, enabling the relation of the impacts of the different processes to each other to be shown.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com