In the classical terminology of Marx, a large reserve army of labor reduces both the individual and the collective bargaining power of workers, enabling capital to take a bigger piece of the economic pie.
"China will continue to perfect the renminbi exchange rate regime in a gradual, proactive and manageable manner, give a further role to the market in determining the exchange rate, and will bring flexibility to the renminbi with a view to enabling capital account convertibility," Mr. Wen was quoted as saying at a European Union-China business forum.
Feder says he initially "set out to solve the problem of enabling capital markets participants to trade values in markets that were large but not commodity-like"–in short, to create "a steady stream of spot price data".
We hypothesize that national financing has a role to play in providing early-stage funding, and enabling capital flow – galvanizing private-sector and international venture funding, not least by developing research ideas to a more "investable" stage.
At one point earlier this month, President Clinton called for a policy that enabled "capital to flow freely without the crushing burdens the boom-bust cycle brings".
Neither approach offers much in this case.But if the shift prompts genuine concerns, it is also specifically and broadly virtuous because it enables capital to be channelled to where it can have a return, rather than sitting in the roach motel of retained earnings on which C corporations are based.
This exciting combination eases access on-ramps for the under-banked and enables capital providers to better and differently build the credit and risk models that drive their lending decisions.
Earlier this year, the chairman of the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), an industry body, excited controversy by criticising a common form of sukuk issuance that guarantees the price at which the issuer will buy back the asset underpinning the transaction, thereby enabling investors' capital to be repaid.
We gather data and use variables that are considered in the literature to provide appropriate conditions under which electrification can lead to long-term socially beneficial outcomes including access to roads, markets, schools, communications, and finance, as well as the natural capital that enables infrastructural capital to be transformative.
The data suggests that natural capital is the foundation of wealth in rural Kenya, as access to it enables infrastructural capital to flourish.
