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Their detection enables the origin of the matrix protein gene to be established as the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strain.
This means that the very existence of genotype networks enables the origin of novel circuit functions from latent gene expression phenotypes.
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However, this protocol did not enable the origin of the contamination to be identified in cockle or clam samples.
While some NP peptides share a common sequence in the nucleoprotein sequence of the A/California/7/2009 and A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strains, the majority (shaded) are unique in sequence to the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strain (38% coverage) and enable the origin of the gene in the reassortant strain to be correctly assigned to this strain.
Thus, beetle horns offer an interesting opportunity to study how evolutionary changes in the interactions between ancestral developmental-genetic mechanisms may enable the origin of novel features.
Our work also shows that incorporation of local diffusion and spatial concentration fluctuations is essential to enable the origin of life to occur with an appreciable probability.
Although the most common fate of gene duplicates may be immediate pseudogenization upon arrival, the extraordinary high rates of spontaneous gene duplication likely have a substantial influence on the trajectory of evolution by enabling the origin of discernible numbers of gene substrates for neofunctionalization [ 8].
Compartmentation from the environment is essential for the transition from inorganic matter to the first living systems [ 30, 31, 40, 41], and hydrothermal vents are replete with naturally forming microcompartments [ 30, 34], geochemically formed concentrating mechanisms to enable the origin of replicating systems.
GISH labelling enabled the genomic origin of the chromosomes to be determined by fluorescence colour: digoxingenin-labelled genomic DNA of T. dubius labelled chromosomes of T. dubius origin green or yellow (D-genome) and biotin-labelled genomic DNA of either T. pratensis (to T. miscellus) or T. porrifolius (to T. mirus) labelled the P-genome (either T. pratensis or T. porrifolius) orange or red.
An extreme abbreviation of their pollination to fertilization period (progamic phase) is hypothesized to have been the enabling step in the origin of rapid reproduction (Stebbins 1992; Williams 2008, 2009).
I suggest that the combination of a high mutation rate (caused by intron attack) with the elimination of genome size constraints and the loss of the cell wall, enabled cell fusions and genome duplications--the origin of a sexual cell cycle--placing many theoretical ideas on the origin of sex in a specific setting.
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