We can hypothesize, that tumor cells are characterized by particular pattern of activated transcription factors, which enabled them to evolve from pre-tumor to tumor state by escaping multiple checkpoints and by establishing signal independent uncontrolled proliferation.
This is because, in principles, distinct binding sites of a protein are not necessarily coupled, thereby enabling them to evolve somewhat independently and to eventually lead, after gene duplication, to a partition of the most conserved binding site copies between each protein duplicates (i.e. this amounts to a "subfunctionalization" between duplicated genes, see additional file 1).
Innovations such as this require freedom to evolve and enable them to 'happen'.
Humans have evolved mechanisms that enable them to cooperate with genetic strangers on the basis of reciprocity.
Forest ecosystems are fire-maintained, having evolved traits that enable them to persist with, and depend upon a variety of fire regimes.
However, Leishmania have evolved mechanisms that enable them to escape destruction, though these mechanisms are poorly understood.
Many organisms have evolved traits that enable them to survive in extreme environments, and the gene(s) underlying these phenotypes could potentially be introduced into crop plants.
Diagnostic tests for malaria, once the domain of the health-centres with access to microscopes and trained personnel have evolved technologically to enable them to spread into more informal spaces such as these Ugandan drug shops.
Cuckoo populations have evolved many adaptations that enable them to trick their hosts into rearing their young, the most impressive of which is the production of eggs that resemble those of their host.
Now new research suggests that fish evolved this ability to enable them to swim faster.
