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In medicine, the prize was awarded for insights related to the machinery that enables substances to be shuttled in and out of living cells.
One might wonder what enabled substances that could not exist alone to count as substances at all.
It is useful to think of this in terms of the difference between performance enhancement and performance enabling substances.
"People say, 'Are you enabling substance use?' We're enabling access to food and shelter and medical care and addictions care as people need them".
Additional inner micro-channels enable local substance delivery into the lesion center via an attached osmotic minipump.
Nanoparticles unique physical and chemical properties enable transport of substances directly into the skin.
All of that enables the substance of the critique to be avoided in lieu of alleged personality flaws.
Furthermore, the antioxidants in chocolate may help to prevent the oxidation of blood cholesterol, which would otherwise enable this waxy substance to stick to artery walls, increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke.
It became evident that the severe health impairment and disease in humans exposed to the above-mentioned substances occurred because there was not enough knowledge on the toxicological profile of these substances to enable the risks to be recognized, which would have resulted in concrete advice on minimization of exposure.
Scientists are also investigating how rust secretes the substances that enable it to break into the plant's cells.
Moreover, the cell surface itself can have hydrophobic properties - some microorganisms produce extracellular polymeric substances which enable the cells to hold onto each other or to stick to surfaces (e.g., biofilm formation).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com