However, supplementation of ASP with DPPIV enabled detoxification of moderate amounts of gluten in the presence of excess casein and in whole-wheat bread.
The decreased expression of this gene and other transporter genes during treatment with acriflavine suggests that the drug interferes with crucial processes that enable cell detoxification and growth.
For instance, reduction of the pentavalent arsenate [As V)] ion to its trivalent arsenite [As III)] counterpart by the arsenate reductase ArsC enables the detoxification and efflux of As III) through the membrane pump protein ArsB (Cai et al. 1998; Carlin et al. 1995).
During the long-term evolutionary process, higher plants have evolved two main strategies (i.e., external detoxification mechanisms and internal detoxification mechanisms) that enable them to tolerate high level of soil active Al [ 2, 3].
These decreases in DNA damage measured in 2 ways are related to detoxification enabled by cytosolic bioconjugation enzymes that presumably destroy DNA reactive metabolites.
Metagenomics, i.e. the sequencing of DNA isolated from environmental samples, provides a new way to study communities in microbial ecology, and enables studies of detoxification systems in natural environments in an unbiased way and on a genome-wide scale.
Further developments in gas plasma technology are likely to enable broader applications including the detoxification of toxins.
High throughput, immune-based assays using monoclonal antibodies specific for these immunotoxic peptides would facilitate their detection in food and enable monitoring of their enzymatic detoxification.
Prokaryotes have evolved a rich repertoire of detoxification mechanisms that enable them to exploit and be successful in highly diverse ecological niches.
To enable a wide and unbiased detoxification scope in our metagenomics analysis we initially selected all proteins in the NCBI database related to detoxification mechanisms, based on their Gene Ontology (GO) classifications [ 14].
At least in the case of mammalian herbivores, a higher nutritional value is thought to enable them to invest more heavily in detoxification processes and ingest more toxin (Marsh et al. 2005; Villalba & Provenza 2005).
