where ϱ denotes the non-empty probability of the buffer, and ϱ≈E B /μ C and (mu _{c} triangleq {lim }_{theta rightarrow 0} E_{c}(theta)) [20], E B is the effective bandwidth with QoS exponent θ of a source traffic flow.
For link 1, the queue in is empty with probability ; in this case the successful transmission probability is ; otherwise, the successful transmission probability is.
This nth PDF is uniquely determined by ρ(k) and p n (α n ): {p}_{boldsymbol{F}}left({mathcal{F}}_nright)=Big{begin{array}{l}qcdot {p}_nleft({upalpha}_nright kern1.25em {mathcal{F}}_n=left{{upalpha}_nright}kern1em 1-qkern2.75em 1-qkern2.75emn=varnothing end{mathcal{rn1em operatorname (19)where ℱ is empty with probability 1 − q or has a singleton element with probability q.
For each case, the electron can hop to level j, which can be empty (with probability a j = 1 − N j, σ − N j, σ ̄ + c j ), singly occupied in a spin σ ̄ state (with probability b j, σ ̄ = N j, σ ̄ − c j ) or spin σ state (with probabilitybj,σ= Nj,σ− c j ), or a double-occupied state (with probabilityc j ).
A deme that is currently full can become empty with probability e, which means that e corresponds to λ.
For special choices of reaction rates, the dynamics was studied in more detail and closed form for the empty interval probabilities were obtained.
Said another way, propensity accounts are accused of giving empty accounts of probability, à la Molière's 'dormative virtue' (Sober 2000, 64).
If the site chosen is occupied by a replicator, it becomes empty with a probability p d.
It is noteworthy to observe that without any line trap the channel is either empty (with a probability p e = 0.94) or populated by a single particle (p 1 = 0.06) while it is only rarely occupied by two or more particles at the same time (p >1 = 0.001).
At q = 1 each STA has a non-empty buffer with probability one and the system is saturated.
With a particular initial condition on the length of the queues, if the queue in is unstable, it is equivalent to the case that the queue in never empties with nonzero probability.
