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In this paper, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is used to simulate spatially-uniform unsteady EOF with permeation inside a 2D unobstructed empty membrane channel.
Importantly, the majority of actin-free filopodia in our experiments were produced not by extension of an "empty" membrane tube, but by actin withdrawal from the pre-existing actin-positive filopodia.
Neutrophils cultured for 39-46 h showed enlarged, empty membrane vesicles with noticeable cell membrane disintegration.
TNTs are not empty membrane tubes, but filled with cytoskeletal filaments (Table 1).
This force should depend on the radius of the filopodium, but since filopodia show radii similar to empty membrane tubes directly pulled from the cell membrane, one would expect membrane forces on the order of 5 30 pN.
All single cell samples that were catapulted from a particular tissue section were subsequently accompanied in all procedures by a negative control sample that consisted of a 100 μm2 piece of empty membrane catapulted from the same tissue section.
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In it the universe emerges from its state of quantum formlessness as a tangle of strings and cold empty membranes stuck together.
The sensing film was overlaid with an empty PVC membrane and then covered with another plastic coverslip.
To eliminate background, we pre-blotted these antibodies with an empty nitrocellulose membrane and we treated them with acetone powder of the ΔSp_hsp104 strain, as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) [63].
Furthermore, the vacuoles were often empty, but membrane structures could occasionally be found.
Furthermore, the proportion of empty basement membrane sleeves (CD31-free collagen IV pixels) was evaluated as an indication of regression of pre-existing blood vessels [ 9].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com