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The empowerment variable used in our analyses is not a validated measure of women's decision-making power.
H0 corresponds to the assumption of exogeneity of women's empowerment variable in the antenatal care equation [ 18].
In our multivariable analysis, however, only one empowerment variable, physical abuse, was independently associated with inadequate use of antenatal care.
We created interaction terms by multiplying the empowerment variable by education dummy variables and then testing the interaction terms in the final multivariate logistic regression model.
bLoss of 67 individuals: 52 excluded because they answered less than 21 questions of the WHOQOL + 15 adults did not answer the question giving rise to collective empowerment variable The results of descriptive analyzes among independent variables and individual and collective empowerment, and the deff associated with each estimate is shown in Table 3.
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Empowerment variables were created using weighted composite indicators for each of the three empowerment domains separately.
We removed non-significant (P-values >0.05) empowerment variables one by one beginning with the variable with the greatest P-value until the remaining empowerment variables were significantly (P-values <0.05) associated with inadequate use of antenatal care.
The association of SBA use with the women's empowerment variables varied by proxy measure and by country.
We included all socio-demographic variables and then used backwards elimination to derive the most parsimonious model relative to the empowerment variables.
We then constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to determine the independent and unique associations between the empowerment variables and inadequate use of antenatal care.
Social contact and empowerment variables were individual questions extracted from the World Bank Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital (SC-IQ) [ 17] and involved questions about number of close friends, neighbourhood trust and empowerment.
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