However, we now illustrate that Wnt1 employs pathways that extend beyond traditional canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling [ 36, 67- 70].
This genus employs pathways and enzymes with unique activities mostly involved in amino acid degradation, such as B12-dependent aminomutases, selenium containing oxidoreductases and extremely oxygen-sensitive 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratases [ 4- 6].
Two interrogation schemes were employed: pathway scheme and reaction scheme.
However, employing pathway analysis or other a priori biological knowledge bases improves success in extraction of valuable information from GWAS analyses (16, 17).
We further demonstrated the complementarity of the two chromatographic methods applied, and employed pathway mapping tools to display their contribution to expanding the coverage of metabolic pathways, biological functions, and known disease mechanisms.
In order to better understand the biological functions of the miRNA targets identified in our analysis, I employed pathway analysis (Table 2), which has been shown previously to be effective for miRNA target genes (e.g., [ 40, 41]).
Finally, we employed pathway analysis to prioritise association results and provide biological interpretation, using functional ontology enrichment analysis tools implemented in MetaCore (GeneGO, St . Joseph MI; see online supplementary methods).
Well established methodologies such as Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) [ 40], employ pathways as functional units to differentiate between experimental populations.
An interesting possible future avenue for research is to employ pathway-specific non-invasive stimulation protocols in patients to induce directed changes in connectivity and thereby potentially drive neural network reorganisation so as to assist in recovery of motor function.
The third concept employs a pathway topology to build an easy interpretable decision tree.
Although oxidative phosphorylation is much more efficient than alternate energy producing pathways, E. coli at high growth-rates and in excess glucose also employs fermentation pathways [ 68].
