Most secure routing protocols and anonymous routing protocols employ authentication and secret key approaches to ensure the security.
But different access networks employ different authentication protocols to get access to the core networks, for example, GERAN by GSM authentication [3], UMTS by UMTS AKA [4], LTE by EPS AKA [5], WLAN and WiMAX by EAP-AKA [6].
If UE employs another authentication protocol for the new initial access networks, then it is not a unified authentication scheme; otherwise, UE will use the same authentication protocol, that is, no matter what kind of access network, UE will take use one authentication protocol, which is not realistic or unfeasible.
While for the UTRAN, LTE, WLAN and WiMAX, they all employ USIM to run the AKA algorithm though their respective authentication protocols are not same.
This authentication path supports all available authentication protocols.
Most of the password based authentication protocols rely on single authentication server for the user's authentication.
Supports multi-factor authentication protocols (e.g., Stanford Two-Step Authentication).
Additional authentication protocols can be implemented using EAPHost API.
Nowadays, many authentication protocols are proposed to improve these drawbacks.
This paper starts with an analysis of a previous attempt that proposes two visual authentication protocols to enhance password authentication.
The desired security requirements of RFID authentication protocols include privacy, integrity, authentication, anonymity/untraceability, and even availability.
