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10 For robustness we estimated the threshold models using the lag of the employment variables.
Social condition was accounted for using total population, ethnic and urban populations, age, education levels, and employment variables.
We discuss Model A first, which includes employment variables but no income variables.
Also, we only included baseline employment variables and future studies could explore the impact of people's changing employment circumstances.
Employment variables included permanence of employment at baseline and a measure of changes in the employment status at follow-up.
Socio-economic status is a concept that is generally measured by income and by education and/or employment variables.
Similar(47)
E i,t is the log of employment variable (employment-to-population ratio) of the relevant group e.g., young adult workers employed in urban (county) units divided by the urban working age population (15 64) for county i in year t; MW i,t and MW i,t−1 are the log of minimum wage index variables (minimum-to-average-wage ratio) for county i in year t and year t-1, respectively.
The dummy variables gender and having children were not significant, but both income variables and the employment variable were.
The response alternatives (1) and (2) were collapsed into a single category "In paid employment" thus creating a dichotomous employment variable.
Approximately 11% of individuals had missing values in the employment variable that were imputed taking into account the age, gender, marital status, years of education and income.
The employment variable (employed/unemployed) was not included since it did not allow ordinary pensioners, early retirement pensioners, disability pensioners, or students to be taken into account.
Related(20)
labour variables
state variables
applying variables
working variables
opportunities variables
referring variables
employment services
employment statistics
employment taxes
employment prospects
employment issues
employment gauges
employment dates
employment options
employment incentives
employment numbers
employment guarantees
employment skills
employment benefits
employment considerations
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