Standard errors are clustered at the employer level.
Reported standard errors (in parentheses) are corrected for clustering of the observations at the employer level ***p < 0.01, *p < 0.10.
I report all standard errors adjusted for clustering at the employer level (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004; Oreopoulos 2011).
Reported standard errors (in parentheses) are corrected for clustering of the observations at the employer level ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.
Just like there's little value to an individual in predicting email volumes, but there might be value in aggregating that prediction across a specific relationship – at an employer level.
At the employer-level, we find statistically significant effects on the number of highly educated employees for both the period of program participation and the subsequent time period.
As far back as 2010, the National Association of Pension Funds was warning there was "a risk … that many employers level down their provision to the minimum to contain their pension costs as membership increases".
This information, extracted from the employer-level survey, will be used to test the validity of this covariate at the industry level.
To ensure the validity of this indicator as a good proxy for measuring technical change, we exploit the information contained in the COI data at the employer-level.
In the USA pattern bargaining had been strongest in the auto-industry and "informally had served to centralize bargaining at the multi-employer level" (Katz 1993 11), but within and between industries pattern setting weakened and became ineffective in the 1980s.
