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Most British women, as Light explains, would either have been in service or employed servants.
Although some scholars have denied that the medieval inquisition was an institution, others maintain that it is the best way to describe a group of men who enjoyed the same powers, were directly responsible to the pope, employed servants and officials, and had absolute control over a number of large prisons and their inmates.
The wealthy families living on the estates of these scholar-officials – as well as rich merchants, princes, and nobles often maintained a massive entourage of employed servants, technical staffs, and personal favorites.
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There is a host of suspects, most of whom either employ servants or (in the later novels) used to do so.
Here are eight examples: The female equivalent of "master", and thus, "a woman having control or authority" – in particular one who employs servants or attendants.
Their debts, however, were never large, and they were always able to continue employing servants and owning a carriage; their anxieties were more a matter of whether they could live as they wished than whether they would starve.
As the remote descendant of an earl he belonged to a cadre that was theoretically able to hunt, shoot and employ servants but in practice could no longer afford to do so.
Kathryn Hughes, the historian and acclaimed biographer of Mrs Beeton, points out that while Beeton supposedly appealed to the well-appointed 19th-century home, her book was intended to educate the aspirational mistress, new to employing servants.
But in the United States, that inequality is almost certainly exacerbated by immigration; indeed, it is becoming common again for the bourgeoisie to employ servants, though no one uses the term in polite company.
A driver from the Philippines or Sri Lanka may earn as little as $400 per month, I was told, and even relatively poor Saudi families frequently employ servants to perform tasks, like driving, grocery shopping, or serving male guests, that Saudi social mores discourage local women from performing.
Even though peasant households were significantly smaller than aristocratic ones, the wealthiest of these would also employ servants.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com