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In contrast with those logical positivists who thought that statements of value merely express attitudes, pro or con, to objects, persons, or situations, but are neither true nor false, Lewis (1946, 396 98) thought that statements of value were as true or false as other empirical statements, and every bit as empirically verifiable or falsifiable, confirmable or disconfirmable.
He doesn't make a lot of empirical statements.
Yet it has to make predictions and empirical statements regarding complex reality.
A priori propositions, Mill claimed, are merely empirical statements of very high generality.
And Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956), can be seen as recommending a noncognitivist approach to logical and mathematical statements, according to which they do not record truths of some special kind but rather express rules which regulate the use of more ordinary or empirical statements.
Carnap argued that the observational statements by reference to which empirical statements can be tested may be construed as sentences describing directly and publicly observable aspects of physical objects, such as the needle of a measuring instrument turning to a particular point on the scale or a subject in a psychological test showing a change in pulse rate.
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I do not know the methods even of French philosophy that could justify such a firm, unqualified empirical statement about a disputed reality.
Carnap stressed that usually such tests cannot provide strict proof or disproof but only more or less strong "confirmation" for an empirical statement.
The only limits on rational choice of prior probabilities stem from the need to give each truth of logic and mathematics the probability 1 and to provide a value different from both 0 and 1 for every empirical statement.
Assume that any empirical statement, or proposition, can be expressed in a single language.
It is unlikely that the funding sources determine research results by necessity, so we must understand Winner's claim as an empirical statement about ELSI research.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com