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Performance of the methods was assessed using standardized bias, empirical standard error, root mean squared error (RMSE), and coverage probability.
The performance of the methods is compared in terms of standardized bias, empirical standard error, root mean squared error (RMSE), and coverage probability.
Standard error was defined as the empirical standard error of the estimated RR in log scale over all 1,000 simulations.
The mean with an empirical standard error using 1000 logHRs was 1.42±0.34, and the empiric 95% CI was between 1.21 and 1.65.
where is the mean of and is the empirical standard deviation, that is, (7).
The parenthesized numbers are empirical standard deviations of these mean absolute percentage error estimates.
The improvement on the empirical standard deviation of the horizontal components ranges from 1.08 to 2.2.
In addition, instead of quadratic measurement error σ empirical standard S was used.
The curves in these figures compare the empirical standard deviation with the theoretical expressions shown by (48) and (49).
Each pixel of the HI map represents the empirical standard deviation of the 16 included ∆PWV map pixels.
The IRI-2007, a new empirical standard model of the ionosphere, is improved from the limitations of the previous IRI-2001 model.
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