We therefore explored multivariate normal distributions again fitted on the two differing underlying empirical distributions of dN and dS and despite the bad fit of these distributions to the data, they mimic the empirical pattern for closely related species reasonably well (supplementary fig. S5B, Supplementary Material online).
At that time, we suspected, but did not know, whether the empirical patterns and analytical approaches for Kenya fit the conditions in other developing countries.
It is argued that both structural and semantic restrictions are required to account for the empirical patterns.
Then, virtual seasonal bird species distributions were compared to real-world observations for five empirical patterns: 1. richness in breeding migrants (Figure 2a, b, c, d); 2. richness in non-breeding migrants (Figure 2e, f, g, h); 3. richness in residents (Figure 2i, j, k, l); 4. seasonal difference in richness (Figure 2m, n, o, p); and 5. proportion of migrants (Figure 2q, r, s, t).
However, according to our simulations, this adaptive value is a byproduct of neutral evolution and not necessary for explaining empirical patterns in regulatory complexity.
Environmental heterogeneity is invoked as an explanation for deviations between empirical patterns and neutral expectations in the spatial context and over ecological time [7], [9], [10].
We end with implications of our findings in relation to empirical patterns, including the 'valley phenomenon' described for CQ in the Uganda highlands, where treatment failure was found to be higher in areas of low and high transmission, and at it's lowest at intermediate transmission areas [22] [24].
Cognitively based explanations, which presume either lack of ability to innovate or extreme conformism, do not account for the totality of the empirical patterns.
Fig. 2 Empirical patterns by age.
Theoretical implications of the empirical age-period-cohort patterns for the religious economies theory and change of Chinese religious landscape are discussed.
