Most empirical and modeling studies miss this additional edge complexity if they only consider a single edge structure.
Basic empirical and modeling studies that explore the feasibility of coexistence between GM and non-GM crops focus on pair-based interactions between fields while multi-field studies build upon them, attempting to consider the complexity of gene flow under crop management practices.
Many empirical and modeling studies of human and wildlife diseases have been conducted on directly-transmitted infections.
15, 16 There is a sizable body of literature in which the implications of improving malaria diagnostic methods, including empirical and modeling studies, have been reported.
Although it has been suggested that subordinates' vigilance may result in spatial centrality of dominants, this has not been addressed in either empirical or modeling studies.
Empirical and modeling studies provide a resonable constraint on external Hg inputs to oceans, including the magnitude of air-sea exchange of Hg (wet and dry deposition and gas evasion).
Pandemic events are characterized by different distributions of age risk, which may alter the severity classifications provided by our index; an initial pandemic wave may be dominated by morbidity among school-aged children, and empirical and modeling studies suggest that adults are more likely to become infected in the season following a pandemic [ 5, 36– 36].
Both empirical and modeling studies suggest that intense size-selective harvest selects for individuals that grow more slowly, mature at smaller sizes and younger ages, and increase reproductive investment (Conover and Munch 2002; Enberg et al. 2009; Nusslé et al. 2009; Sharpe and Hendry 2009).
The results of both empirical and modeling studies have shown that pediatric vaccination programs in school and day-care settings can reduce the influenza attack rate in families of vaccinated children and in the community,, and that vaccination of 50%to70%0% of children could help in containing annual influenza epidemics.
Empirical modeling evidence from several studies supports a direct membrane penetration.
