Scholars researching on sex and gender issues reason in favor of systematic empirical differences in male and female work behaviors.
In these comparative analyses, we were not interested in recovering the species phylogeny (as above) but in evidencing the empirical differences in evolutionary rates between neobatrachian and non-neobatrachian lineages as inferred based on the two types of molecular markers.
In the present work we elaborated on the theoretical advantages of using NMAs over PMAs in economic evaluations of health technologies, and used a case study to demonstrate the practical aspects of the use of NMAs as well as the empirical differences in the outcomes of the economic evaluation when NMA instead of PMA is used for evidence synthesis.
A 45% increase in Secchi depth (corresponding to the relative empirical difference in median values between 1995 1998 and 1957 1959) is displayed scenario 1 in Figure 4, and an annual TP loading decrease of 6,650 tonnes to the three most heavily loaded basins (the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic Proper) was required to drive this model scenario.
Whether this fine difference would yield any empirical difference in scores in any cultural context remains unexplored.
In zebra finch, 1 Mb non-overlapping windows with EBRs (n = 31) had a slightly higher recombination rate than windows without (n = 952; 1.60 vs. 1.29 cM/Mb), although this was not statistically significant (Wilcoxon's test, P = 0.1; randomization test, empirical difference in mean between classes = 0.31, P = 0.1; Figure 5).
The 1 Mb non-overlapping windows containing EBRs (n = 35) had an average recombination rate of 2.80 (±3.00, SD) cM/Mb while windows without EBRs (n = 963) had an average recombination rate of 2.90 (±3.00) cM/Mb (Wilcoxon's test, W = 13492, P = 0.42; randomization test, empirical difference in mean between classes = -0.11, P = 0.28; Figure 5).
We summarize substantive conclusions, including discussion of empirical similarities and differences in different cultures, in rich and poor countries, in the Orient and the Occident, in emerging economies, and in economies in transition towards a more market-driven form.
Through the entire empirical analysis, the difference-in-differences results are showed separately for men and women.
To estimate effects that are credibly causal, we use different empirical strategies that combine difference-in-differences and synthetic control group methods.
Then, we obtained the empirical, observed difference in parameter values between the pre- and the apis-period networks and compared the observed difference value with the frequency distribution of the differences found in the randomized resampling's (N = 5000) of the adjacency matrices for the two periods.
