The equations of the two-fluid model are less accurate than the VOF model due to the empirical closures required in the averaged equations.
In addition a comparison is made with results obtained from a simple one-dimensional (1D) heterogeneous reactor model which uses empirical closures for the fluid particle mass and heat transfer coefficients.
Two approaches to modelling fluidized bed reactors were evaluated and compared in this work: a phenomenological 1D approach based on empirical closures and a more fundamental 2D approach based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
The observed R value dependence is related to both empirical models and closure measurements.
For example, in fluid mechanics, empirical Reynolds stress closures enable computationally-efficient Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations.
Abandoning causal closure conflicts with empirical evidence; while the idea that phenomenal or quasi-phenomenal properties are fundamental is obscure.
We begin by arguing that the analysis of public opposition to closure lacks an empirical base, before outlining a rationale for the comparison with opposition to wind farms.
Several examples illustrate how state planners have dealt with the lack of empirical evidence to guide school closure and re-opening thresholds.
While research often mentions public opposition, few studies involve empirical data collection with anti-closure campaigners or other members of the public.
