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This is done through the development of the conceptual elements of a liberal arts education and the identification of the empirical characteristics of schools to measure those elements.
Then, based on those empirical characteristics, a stochastic observation model was structured that considered the satellite clock interpolation errors.
First, the systematic error of each satellite in the IGR clock product was extracted using a wavelet de-noising method to obtain the empirical characteristics of atomic clock noise within each clock product.
It is shown that a 2-state HOHMM-based model best captures the empirical characteristics of the temperature data under examination on the basis of various error-based and information-criterion metrics.
In the new processing scheme, we employed un-differenced raw observations with atmospheric delays as parameters, which are properly constrained by real-time derived global ionospheric model or regional atmospheric corrections and by the empirical characteristics of the atmospheric delay variation in time and space.
These empirical characteristics were extracted from measurements taken in the city of London, on frequencies between 168 and 900 MHz.
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The test statistics involve empirical characteristic functions resulting from estimation of the mixed effects.
Hypothesis testing in time series via the empirical characteristic function: a generalized spectral density approach, Journal of the American Statistical Association 94 (1999), 1201-1220.
Our methods are based on the empirical characteristic function instead of the sample autocovariance function like the method of Roll (1984).
In this paper, to test goodness of fit to any fixed distribution of errors in multivariate linear models, we consider a weighted integral of the squared modulus of the difference between the empirical characteristic function of the residuals and the characteristic function under the null hypothesis.
Using a semi-empirical characteristic amplitude and wavelength in the model, it was possible to predict the onset of entrainment and transition from stratified to other mixed flow patterns reported in a number of studies.
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